Policy Development and Program Planning Skills, Health Equity Skills, Community Partnership Skills, Leadership and Systems Thinking Skills Brian Tolleson Policy Development and Program Planning Skills, Health Equity Skills, Community Partnership Skills, Leadership and Systems Thinking Skills Brian Tolleson

PART 3.2

Because of the experience with immunization and the successful eradication of smallpox, Dr. Jonas Salk, and Robert McNamara, past World Bank president, asked, “Why can’t the world be vaccinated the way the United States is?” There were good vaccines but poor global coverage. But the major agencies responsible for childhood immunizations were competing rather than collaborating and the immunization level was stuck at 20%.

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Brian Tolleson Brian Tolleson

PART 5.1

In the battle to eradicate smallpox in India in 1974, finding and containing thousands of outbreaks was the key to getting smallpox under control. In mid 1974, the number of new outbreaks was starting to decrease slightly. The strategy of surveillance and containment - which included a massive workforce, tireless efforts, and rewards for identifying new cases - was paying off. But then we started to notice that members of previously vaccinated families were still coming down with smallpox. We should not have been seeing these new cases.

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Data Analytics and Assessment Skills, Policy Development and Program Planning Skills, Health Equity Skills, Community Partnership Skills, Public Health Sciences Skills Brian Tolleson Data Analytics and Assessment Skills, Policy Development and Program Planning Skills, Health Equity Skills, Community Partnership Skills, Public Health Sciences Skills Brian Tolleson

PART 6.1

In the early 1960s, India accounted for nearly 60 percent of the reported smallpox cases in the world. The Indian government had launched the National Smallpox Eradication Program which focused on mass vaccination. By 1966, the Indian government reported approximately 60 million primary vaccinations. Mass vaccination campaigns had become part of the culture, and there was wide trust in this singular approach. However, the number of smallpox cases in India was increasing and India needed a new strategy.

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Data Analytics and Assessment Skills, Policy Development and Program Planning Skills, Communication Skills, Health Equity Skills, Community Partnership Skills, Public Health Sciences Skills, Management and Finance Skills, Leadership and Systems Thinking Skills Brian Tolleson Data Analytics and Assessment Skills, Policy Development and Program Planning Skills, Communication Skills, Health Equity Skills, Community Partnership Skills, Public Health Sciences Skills, Management and Finance Skills, Leadership and Systems Thinking Skills Brian Tolleson

PART 8.1

In 1973 India had thousands of cases of smallpox. For a while they were reporting one thousand new cases every day. Leaders of the eradication effort wanted to solicit help from WHO and bring in physicians, epidemiologists and health worker volunteers from other countries to supplement the Indian teams. But the Minister of Health for India felt that India had plenty of health workers and volunteers to do the job and said that people from other countries were not needed. The Minister's support for the smallpox effort was essential, so the team had to convince him to support bringing in workers from other countries without being critical of the great resources India already had.

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